- ATOM币历史价格表
- ATOM币概况
| 时间 | 最高价($) | 最低价($) |
|---|---|---|
| 2023-12-30 | 11.5077 | 11.0534 |
| 2023-12-29 | 12.2031 | 11.3044 |
| 2023-12-28 | 11.9341 | 11.1599 |
| 2023-12-27 | 12.5329 | 11.6564 |
| 2023-12-26 | 11.873 | 11.0053 |
| 2023-12-25 | 11.7264 | 11.1262 |
| 2023-12-24 | 11.4073 | 11.0423 |
| 2023-12-23 | 11.7412 | 10.7299 |
| 2023-12-22 | 10.9814 | 10.4346 |
| 2023-12-21 | 10.8874 | 10.2471 |
| 2023-12-20 | 11.0072 | 10.4883 |
| 2023-12-19 | 11.4241 | 10.2244 |
| 2023-12-18 | 12.0828 | 11.1878 |
| 2023-12-17 | 11.602 | 10.8247 |
| 2023-12-16 | 11.6224 | 11.0407 |
| 2023-12-15 | 11.9029 | 10.8228 |
| 2023-12-14 | 11.8386 | 10.6934 |
| 2023-12-13 | 12.2084 | 9.4181 |
| 2023-12-12 | 10.6344 | 9.6145 |
| 2023-12-11 | 10.7644 | 10.0838 |
| 2023-12-10 | 11.2108 | 10.2321 |
| 2023-12-09 | 10.3447 | 9.7 |
| 2023-12-08 | 10.0275 | 9.5125 |
| 2023-12-07 | 10.1732 | 9.5139 |
| 2023-12-06 | 9.7879 | 9.2858 |
| 2023-12-05 | 9.7853 | 9.2722 |
| 2023-12-04 | 9.6254 | 9.2431 |
| 2023-12-03 | 9.55 | 9.2526 |
| 2023-12-02 | 9.4384 | 9.1151 |
| 2023-12-01 | 9.3162 | 9.0059 |
| 2023-11-30 | 9.3013 | 8.9821 |
| 2023-11-29 | 9.3364 | 8.7808 |
| 2023-11-28 | 9.9776 | 9.0753 |
| 2023-11-27 | 9.9734 | 9.1034 |
| 2023-11-26 | 9.0858 | 8.8215 |
| 2023-11-25 | 9.0222 | 8.6829 |
| 2023-11-24 | 9.0629 | 8.6305 |
| 2023-11-23 | 8.8623 | 8.2122 |
| 2023-11-22 | 9.3476 | 8.5593 |
| 2023-11-21 | 9.5394 | 9.0765 |
| 2023-11-20 | 9.402 | 8.9694 |
| 2023-11-19 | 9.4098 | 8.8743 |
| 2023-11-18 | 10.2043 | 9.0741 |
| 2023-11-17 | 10.1503 | 9.4426 |
| 2023-11-16 | 9.7756 | 8.6631 |
| 2023-11-15 | 9.9821 | 8.971 |
| 2023-11-14 | 10.6061 | 9.3733 |
| 2023-11-13 | 9.6079 | 8.8989 |
| 2023-11-12 | 9.3141 | 8.8785 |
| 2023-11-11 | 9.4729 | 8.3784 |
| 2023-11-10 | 9.0609 | 8.4206 |
| 2023-11-09 | 8.7326 | 8.1677 |
| 2023-11-08 | 8.7446 | 8.2373 |
| 2023-11-07 | 8.6817 | 8.2315 |
| 2023-11-06 | 8.5344 | 7.8246 |
| 2023-11-05 | 7.9381 | 7.5871 |
| 2023-11-04 | 7.8692 | 7.5332 |
| 2023-11-03 | 8.09 | 7.5802 |
| 2023-11-02 | 7.9977 | 7.5103 |
| 2023-11-01 | 8.2098 | 7.4162 |
| 2023-10-31 | 7.5735 | 7.1988 |
| 2023-10-30 | 7.2841 | 7.0383 |
| 2023-10-29 | 7.2114 | 6.9194 |
| 2023-10-28 | 7.1779 | 6.9195 |
| 2023-10-27 | 7.3507 | 6.9101 |
| 2023-10-26 | 7.2117 | 6.813 |
| 2023-10-25 | 7.2989 | 6.64 |
| 2023-10-24 | 6.8178 | 6.5277 |
| 2023-10-23 | 6.7075 | 6.5119 |
| 2023-10-22 | 6.6261 | 6.3403 |
| 2023-10-21 | 6.4699 | 6.1901 |
| 2023-10-20 | 6.3591 | 6.1697 |
| 2023-10-19 | 6.4604 | 6.3244 |
| 2023-10-18 | 6.6546 | 6.3978 |
| 2023-10-17 | 6.7683 | 6.5449 |
| 2023-10-16 | 6.6338 | 6.5264 |
| 2023-10-15 | 6.6564 | 6.5029 |
| 2023-10-14 | 6.6416 | 6.3922 |
| 2023-10-13 | 6.7479 | 6.425 |
| 2023-10-12 | 6.8291 | 6.4872 |
| 2023-10-11 | 7.3073 | 6.6097 |
| 2023-10-10 | 6.9817 | 6.6593 |
| 2023-10-09 | 6.9809 | 6.8525 |
| 2023-10-08 | 6.9916 | 6.8722 |
| 2023-10-07 | 6.9367 | 6.7683 |
| 2023-10-06 | 6.997 | 6.831 |
| 2023-10-05 | 7.227 | 6.8796 |
| 2023-10-04 | 7.3724 | 7.0979 |
| 2023-10-03 | 7.6535 | 7.2835 |
| 2023-10-02 | 7.3498 | 7.1733 |
| 2023-10-01 | 7.2645 | 7.0793 |
| 2023-09-30 | 7.1897 | 7.0675 |
| 2023-09-29 | 7.1289 | 6.896 |
| 2023-09-28 | 7.115 | 6.8853 |
| 2023-09-27 | 7.0873 | 6.9517 |
| 2023-09-26 | 7.1387 | 6.9121 |
| 2023-09-25 | 7.1253 | 7.0162 |
| 2023-09-24 | 7.189 | 7.0324 |
| 2023-09-23 | 7.378 | 7.0801 |
| 2023-09-22 | 7.4978 | 7.1819 |
| 2023-09-21 | 7.5743 | 7.2445 |
| 2023-09-20 | 7.5743 | 7.1969 |
| 2023-09-19 | 7.4791 | 6.8536 |
| 2023-09-18 | 7.1649 | 6.9307 |
| 2023-09-17 | 7.1551 | 6.7805 |
| 2023-09-16 | 7.0244 | 6.632 |
| 2023-09-15 | 6.6704 | 6.5 |
| 2023-09-14 | 6.5732 | 6.3576 |
| 2023-09-13 | 6.542 | 6.2908 |
| 2023-09-12 | 6.7239 | 6.3607 |
| 2023-09-11 | 6.8719 | 6.5696 |
| 2023-09-10 | 6.9204 | 6.7977 |
| 2023-09-09 | 6.9928 | 6.7893 |
| 2023-09-08 | 6.9815 | 6.7151 |
| 2023-09-07 | 6.8594 | 6.7392 |
| 2023-09-06 | 6.8456 | 6.6673 |
| 2023-09-05 | 6.9181 | 6.7283 |
| 2023-09-04 | 6.8777 | 6.7031 |
| 2023-09-03 | 6.8307 | 6.633 |
| 2023-09-02 | 7.0778 | 6.8115 |
| 2023-09-01 | 7.2533 | 7.0617 |
| 2023-08-31 | 7.4621 | 7.1834 |
| 2023-08-29 | 7.2547 | 7.0516 |
| 2023-08-28 | 7.2059 | 7.0965 |
| 2023-08-27 | 7.2633 | 7.1648 |
| 2023-08-26 | 7.2665 | 7.039 |
| 2023-08-25 | 7.5211 | 7.2152 |
| 2023-08-24 | 7.4501 | 7.1533 |
| 2023-08-23 | 7.5856 | 7.3189 |
| 2023-08-22 | 7.8745 | 7.4397 |
| 2023-08-21 | 7.8926 | 7.6023 |
| 2023-08-20 | 7.6766 | 7.4902 |
| 2023-08-19 | 8.1292 | 7.2419 |
| 2023-08-18 | 8.1962 | 7.6079 |
| 2023-08-17 | 8.4464 | 7.8626 |
| 2023-08-16 | 8.5461 | 8.4233 |
| 2023-08-15 | 8.5662 | 8.327 |
| 2023-08-14 | 8.4502 | 8.3779 |
| 2023-08-13 | 8.4155 | 8.3136 |
| 2023-08-12 | 8.4965 | 8.3251 |
| 2023-08-11 | 8.5496 | 8.4139 |
| 2023-08-10 | 8.6627 | 8.469 |
| 2023-08-09 | 8.6232 | 8.2796 |
| 2023-08-08 | 8.5827 | 8.3957 |
| 2023-08-07 | 8.5703 | 8.4199 |
| 2023-08-06 | 8.6602 | 8.3625 |
| 2023-08-05 | 8.7546 | 8.5672 |
| 2023-08-04 | 8.7702 | 8.6173 |
| 2023-08-03 | 8.8543 | 8.623 |
| 2023-08-02 | 9.0194 | 8.7204 |
| 2023-08-01 | 8.9527 | 8.6339 |
| 2023-07-31 | 9.1097 | 8.8761 |
| 2023-07-30 | 9.0762 | 8.969 |
| 2023-07-29 | 9.0653 | 8.8531 |
| 2023-07-28 | 9.0938 | 8.8007 |
| 2023-07-27 | 9.0182 | 8.8237 |
| 2023-07-26 | 9.058 | 8.9138 |
| 2023-07-25 | 9.3588 | 8.8972 |
| 2023-07-24 | 9.433 | 9.1942 |
| 2023-07-23 | 9.5631 | 9.2636 |
| 2023-07-22 | 9.5321 | 9.229 |
| 2023-07-21 | 9.5889 | 9.1291 |
| 2023-07-20 | 9.4019 | 9.131 |
| 2023-07-19 | 9.5105 | 9.1664 |
| 2023-07-18 | 9.6384 | 9.261 |
| 2023-07-17 | 9.7845 | 9.4716 |
| 2023-07-16 | 10.1565 | 9.4279 |
| 2023-07-15 | 10.282 | 9.3247 |
| 2023-07-14 | 9.3777 | 8.9397 |
| 2023-07-13 | 9.2844 | 9.1289 |
| 2023-07-12 | 9.3997 | 9.155 |
| 2023-07-11 | 9.6031 | 9.184 |
| 2023-07-10 | 9.4778 | 9.0908 |
| 2023-07-09 | 9.3072 | 9.107 |
| 2023-07-08 | 9.4741 | 9.1224 |
| 2023-07-07 | 9.6391 | 9.1059 |
| 2023-07-06 | 9.8764 | 9.2574 |
| 2023-07-05 | 10.0949 | 9.7598 |
| 2023-07-04 | 9.9637 | 9.3784 |
| 2023-07-03 | 9.5804 | 9.3496 |
| 2023-07-02 | 9.4221 | 9.0239 |
| 2023-07-01 | 9.4264 | 8.8333 |
| 2023-06-30 | 9.4263 | 8.9663 |
| 2023-06-29 | 9.4321 | 9.1547 |
| 2023-06-28 | 9.4416 | 9.1089 |
| 2023-06-27 | 9.5555 | 9.2142 |
| 2023-06-26 | 9.7355 | 9.1084 |
| 2023-06-25 | 9.4801 | 9.1572 |
| 2023-06-24 | 9.3459 | 8.9912 |
| 2023-06-23 | 9.4031 | 8.8638 |
| 2023-06-22 | 8.9917 | 8.3478 |
| 2023-06-21 | 8.6629 | 8.2638 |
| 2023-06-20 | 8.757 | 8.3936 |
| 2023-06-19 | 8.9728 | 8.6865 |
| 2023-06-18 | 8.9371 | 8.6492 |
| 2023-06-17 | 8.8161 | 8.407 |
| 2023-06-16 | 8.8327 | 8.4022 |
| 2023-06-15 | 8.7724 | 8.5462 |
| 2023-06-14 | 8.9129 | 8.5468 |
| 2023-06-13 | 8.7674 | 8.2005 |
| 2023-06-12 | 8.2938 | 7.8462 |
| 2023-06-11 | 9.3215 | 7.4506 |
| 2023-06-10 | 9.5401 | 9.2487 |
| 2023-06-09 | 9.6197 | 9.335 |
| 2023-06-08 | 10.2753 | 9.5658 |
| 2023-06-07 | 10.2157 | 9.8167 |
| 2023-06-06 | 10.8448 | 10.2031 |
| 2023-06-05 | 10.8364 | 10.6329 |
| 2023-06-04 | 10.6702 | 10.5446 |
| 2023-06-03 | 10.6469 | 10.2674 |
| 2023-06-02 | 10.5355 | 10.2255 |
| 2023-06-01 | 10.8794 | 10.461 |
| 2023-05-31 | 10.8996 | 10.7036 |
| 2023-05-30 | 10.9581 | 10.5855 |
| 2023-05-29 | 10.6613 | 10.4763 |
| 2023-05-28 | 10.5985 | 10.4619 |
| 2023-05-27 | 10.5952 | 10.4163 |
| 2023-05-26 | 10.5479 | 10.2618 |
| 2023-05-25 | 10.5698 | 10.2153 |
| 2023-05-24 | 10.619 | 10.4353 |
| 2023-05-23 | 10.5664 | 10.3314 |
| 2023-05-22 | 10.6169 | 10.4299 |
| 2023-05-21 | 10.6323 | 10.5089 |
| 2023-05-20 | 10.9059 | 10.4584 |
| 2023-05-19 | 11.0203 | 10.7557 |
| 2023-05-18 | 11.0688 | 10.7158 |
| 2023-05-17 | 11.0061 | 10.7072 |
| 2023-05-16 | 11.0968 | 10.7381 |
| 2023-05-15 | 11.0964 | 10.8197 |
| 2023-05-14 | 11.1734 | 10.7632 |
| 2023-05-13 | 11.2724 | 10.5281 |
| 2023-05-12 | 11.1117 | 10.4585 |
| 2023-05-11 | 11.0474 | 10.2266 |
| 2023-05-10 | 11.0227 | 10.2322 |
| 2023-05-09 | 11.1332 | 10.5647 |
| 2023-05-08 | 10.9835 | 10.7708 |
| 2023-05-07 | 11.295 | 10.7588 |
| 2023-05-06 | 11.2425 | 10.8854 |
| 2023-05-05 | 11.1564 | 10.7945 |
| 2023-05-04 | 11.1007 | 10.756 |
| 2023-05-03 | 11.0772 | 10.8388 |
| 2023-05-02 | 11.8769 | 11.05 |
| 2023-05-01 | 11.9422 | 11.548 |
| 2023-04-30 | 11.8016 | 11.6015 |
| 2023-04-29 | 11.7699 | 11.3083 |
| 2023-04-28 | 11.529 | 10.2706 |
| 2023-04-27 | 11.385 | 10.6969 |
| 2023-04-26 | 10.9365 | 10.6556 |
| 2023-04-25 | 10.9715 | 10.5997 |
| 2023-04-24 | 11.0481 | 10.7409 |
| 2023-04-23 | 11.1494 | 10.6559 |
| 2023-04-22 | 11.5691 | 11.0889 |
| 2023-04-21 | 12.0446 | 11.5322 |
| 2023-04-20 | 12.6052 | 11.5876 |
| 2023-04-19 | 12.7634 | 12.1628 |
| 2023-04-18 | 12.9289 | 12.4282 |
| 2023-04-17 | 12.8935 | 11.8682 |
| 2023-04-16 | 12.416 | 12.0231 |
| 2023-04-15 | 12.4449 | 11.7321 |
| 2023-04-14 | 11.8547 | 11.1557 |
| 2023-04-13 | 11.356 | 10.9525 |
| 2023-04-12 | 11.3972 | 10.9916 |
| 2023-04-11 | 11.0839 | 10.9085 |
| 2023-04-10 | 11.0732 | 10.8684 |
| 2023-04-09 | 11.1884 | 10.8838 |
| 2023-04-08 | 11.4945 | 10.9166 |
| 2023-04-07 | 11.6102 | 11.195 |
| 2023-04-06 | 11.5849 | 11.1473 |
| 2023-04-05 | 11.4117 | 10.7392 |
| 2023-04-04 | 11.2541 | 10.7566 |
| 2023-04-03 | 11.5764 | 11.034 |
| 2023-04-02 | 11.308 | 11.0481 |
| 2023-04-01 | 11.3782 | 10.9423 |
| 2023-03-31 | 11.5473 | 10.9712 |
| 2023-03-30 | 11.4103 | 11.1243 |
| 2023-03-29 | 11.3959 | 10.6837 |
| 2023-03-28 | 11.3607 | 10.6188 |
| 2023-03-27 | 11.4623 | 10.9301 |
| 2023-03-26 | 11.357 | 10.9912 |
| 2023-03-25 | 11.936 | 11.1977 |
| 2023-03-24 | 11.9461 | 10.9409 |
| 2023-03-23 | 12.1623 | 11.6487 |
| 2023-03-22 | 12.0522 | 11.2792 |
| 2023-03-21 | 13.0233 | 11.8849 |
| 2023-03-20 | 12.6221 | 12.0666 |
| 2023-03-19 | 13.4126 | 12.3401 |
| 2023-03-18 | 13.2533 | 12.4007 |
| 2023-03-17 | 12.7718 | 11.6233 |
| 2023-03-16 | 13.4689 | 11.9857 |
| 2023-03-15 | 12.8783 | 11.8937 |
| 2023-03-14 | 12.2146 | 11.0019 |
| 2023-03-13 | 11.2544 | 10.6087 |
| 2023-03-12 | 11.3918 | 10.6178 |
| 2023-03-11 | 11.1569 | 10.3143 |
| 2023-03-10 | 11.3945 | 10.586 |
| 2023-03-09 | 11.8129 | 11.1267 |
| 2023-03-08 | 12.2107 | 11.4766 |
| 2023-03-07 | 12.2357 | 11.8445 |
| 2023-03-06 | 12.2468 | 11.609 |
| 2023-03-05 | 12.0738 | 11.8895 |
| 2023-03-04 | 12.5066 | 11.5784 |
| 2023-03-03 | 12.861 | 12.1595 |
| 2023-03-02 | 12.944 | 12.121 |
| 2023-03-01 | 12.9871 | 12.4034 |
| 2023-02-28 | 13.0878 | 12.6543 |
| 2023-02-27 | 13.0381 | 12.4722 |
| 2023-02-26 | 13.2586 | 12.8811 |
| 2023-02-25 | 13.8337 | 13.2463 |
| 2023-02-24 | 13.9287 | 13.228 |
| 2023-02-23 | 14.0354 | 13.2339 |
| 2023-02-22 | 14.6055 | 13.7846 |
| 2023-02-21 | 14.6158 | 13.8295 |
| 2023-02-20 | 14.7754 | 14.1638 |
| 2023-02-19 | 14.3668 | 13.8461 |
| 2023-02-18 | 14.3549 | 13.3571 |
| 2023-02-17 | 14.3831 | 13.4095 |
| 2023-02-16 | 13.6036 | 13.2035 |
| 2023-02-15 | 13.556 | 12.6855 |
| 2023-02-14 | 13.9434 | 12.7917 |
| 2023-02-13 | 13.9079 | 13.4805 |
| 2023-02-12 | 13.9008 | 13.4176 |
| 2023-02-11 | 14.6227 | 13.2569 |
| 2023-02-10 | 15.3191 | 14.4274 |
| 2023-02-09 | 15.354 | 14.2465 |
| 2023-02-08 | 14.7528 | 14.016 |
| 2023-02-07 | 14.8842 | 14.1309 |
| 2023-02-06 | 14.9142 | 14.0993 |
| 2023-02-05 | 15.4325 | 14.7009 |
| 2023-02-04 | 15.1907 | 14.2564 |
| 2023-02-03 | 15.1648 | 13.9051 |
| 2023-02-02 | 14.3267 | 13.2468 |
| 2023-02-01 | 13.3854 | 12.8243 |
| 2023-01-31 | 13.9857 | 13.1215 |
| 2023-01-30 | 13.8212 | 13.0239 |
| 2023-01-29 | 13.8803 | 13.0802 |
| 2023-01-28 | 13.1903 | 12.6736 |
| 2023-01-27 | 13.7338 | 12.7546 |
| 2023-01-26 | 13.2069 | 12.1584 |
| 2023-01-25 | 13.368 | 12.8781 |
| 2023-01-24 | 13.7553 | 12.8834 |
| 2023-01-23 | 13.4406 | 12.8236 |
| 2023-01-22 | 13.5849 | 12.2913 |
| 2023-01-21 | 12.4145 | 11.769 |
| 2023-01-20 | 11.9217 | 11.4202 |
| 2023-01-19 | 12.5195 | 11.722 |
| 2023-01-18 | 12.606 | 12.0698 |
| 2023-01-17 | 13.0428 | 12.0843 |
| 2023-01-16 | 12.98 | 12.3749 |
| 2023-01-15 | 13.4027 | 11.9607 |
| 2023-01-14 | 12.3453 | 11.7343 |
| 2023-01-13 | 12.004 | 11.0621 |
| 2023-01-12 | 11.4779 | 11.0673 |
| 2023-01-11 | 11.4184 | 10.8716 |
| 2023-01-10 | 11.485 | 10.3379 |
| 2023-01-09 | 10.4928 | 9.9962 |
| 2023-01-08 | 10.3556 | 10.0151 |
| 2023-01-07 | 10.1695 | 9.9158 |
| 2023-01-06 | 10.3199 | 9.9879 |
| 2023-01-05 | 10.4329 | 10.0632 |
| 2023-01-04 | 10.2618 | 9.7637 |
| 2023-01-03 | 10.0029 | 9.3862 |
| 2023-01-02 | 9.4178 | 9.2715 |
| 2023-01-01 | 9.4476 | 9.287 |
Cosmos是一个并行网络，各链由诸如Tendermint共识提供支持。在cosmos生态系统中各空间可以相互通信、交易、互操作。Cosmos的愿景是打破区块链之间的障碍，创建一个区块链互联网，成为各种实际使用场景的优先选择平台。
这一实现伴随着一系列系统工具的开发，包括Tendermint，Cosmos SDK、IBC，Hub和Zone之间的通信，通过IBC协议实现。以太坊所采用的Go-Ethereum是单片技术堆栈范畴，对其特性的一些升级、以及定制性的提升，是2014成立的Tendermint最早的切入点。Tendermint BFT是一种解决方案，它将区块链的网络层和共识层打包，开发人员只需专注于应用层而无需在意底层协议，这一对开发者友好的设计在公链泛滥的当今看起来并无新意，但如果考虑这一设想最早出现在2014年底，就能自然而然明白cosmos的前瞻性了。
此外，Tendermint 共识算法的主要好处就是它具有安全简易的轻客戸端，这一点使其成为手机和物联网用例的理想工具。Tendermint 轻客戸端只需和验证组的变化保持一致，然后验证最新区块中预先提交的+⅔，来确定最新情况。 总而言之，跨链不是comos的全部，Tendermint技术在开发时间的节省上也下了很大的功夫，Tendermint BFT的属性适用公链、私链，Tendermint BFT仅处理区块链的网络和共识，节点传播事务和验证器就一组事务达成一致，以附加到区块链，每秒可处理数千事务。
COSMOS建立在Tendermint的BPOS+PBFT的共识机制上。该机制涉及验证人与提议人。PBFT则用来确认区块的有效性，抵押代币的数量决定验证人投票的权重过程中的权力，BPOS用来分配验证人的权力。每轮的提议人会从验证人顺序列表中按照其选票比例来选择确定。Tendermint采用由绝对多数的选票三分之二选定的最优拜占庭容错算法。
一、Cosmos SDK
图1 Cosmos SDK功能
SDK在Tendermint BFT的基础上，进一步缩短第三方开发者的研发周期，首先，它允许开发人员在Golang上移植任何现有的区块链代码库，Ethermint面向以太坊网络。所有现有的工具（Truffle，Metamask等）都与Ethermint兼容，无需额外工作即可移植智能合约。cosmos SDK基于两个主要原则，在此基础上进一步规范了框架：
• 模块化： Tendermint团队构建了Cosmos Hub所需的基础模块。任何开发人员在构建自己的应用程序时都可以使用这些模块。并可以为Cosmos SDK创建一个模块。
• 安全边界：限制模块之间的安全边界，使开发人员能够更好地处理模块的可组合性，同时，限制恶意或意外交互的范围。
Cosmos SDK的详情可以在官网进行查阅，提供了用于构建命令行界面（CLI），REST服务器和各种其他常用的实用程序库。
二、IBC
在cosmos网络中，区块链之间的连接通过区块间通信协议（IBC）协议实现。IBC利用Tendermint共识，允许异构链将值（即token）或数据相互转移。异构链的特点是具有不同的层，各区块链由一组验证器维护，这些验证器称为矿工。在各自的网络中，共识、应用层皆有不同，为了与IBC兼容，需要遵循一些共识层的要求。IBC允许异构区块链相互传递令牌和数据，这意味着具有不同应用程序和验证器集的区块链是可互操作的。
链A上的一个帐户想要发送10个令牌到链B时，系统将连续地进行跟踪，将允许每个链跟踪另一个链的验证器集。且每一条链都运行另一条链的轻客户端。启动IBC传输时，IBC协议中的两个关键信息分别是IBCBlockCommitTx和IBCPacketTx，前者记录发送方所在的最新区块信息；后者是跨链交易本身的信息，执行时通过提及跨链指令存入outgoing队列；从outgoing队列取出交易信息，提交到Hub，由Hub执行后续步骤，以实现跨链交易。在此过程中，ATOM被锁定（绑定）在链A上，然后将10个ATOM的证据从链A转发到链B，并在链B上针对链A的有效性进行验证，如果有效，则在链B上创建10个ATOM凭证。在链B上创建的ATOM不是真正的ATOM，类似的机制用于在ATOM返回其原始链时解锁ATOM。
在IBC的设计原理上，通过直接连接可以将网络中的每个区块链彼此串联起来。但这种情况需要面临二次增长的不可控性，为了解决这个问题，Cosmos提出了一种模块化架构，在网络中具有两类区块链：枢纽Hub和区域Zone。前者专门设计用于将区域连接在一起。当区域与枢纽建立IBC连接时，它可以自动访问（即发送和接收）与其连接的每个其他区域。因此，每个区域只需要与一组受限的枢纽建立有限数量的连接。还可以防止区域内的双重支出。空间内部所有代币的转移将通过Cosmos Hub，Hub将完成各空间代币持有总量的记录，以及各空间的隔离，并囊括用户数据报协议（UDP）、传输控制协议（TCP）。Hub与各空间的状态变化会保持信息通信的一致，通过发布梅克尔证明（Merkle-proof）来说明信息已经被传送或接收。
Cosmos将在发布时提供良好的垂直可扩展性，在完成IBC模块后，将实施水平可扩展性解决方案。在Cosmos Network中推出的第一个Hub是Cosmos Hub。其令牌称为ATOM。Cosmos 中的验证人类似于提供机器的矿工，非验证人将ATOM权益代币委托用于投票。以此实现一定的ATOM奖励分配，当验证人被攻击或作恶时，系统采用一定的机制进行惩罚和削弱。
三、Cosmos可解决的区块链问题
1、可扩展性
工作量证明协议缓慢，昂贵，不可扩展且对环境有害。
Tendermint BFT解决了这个问题。
Tendermint BFT是拜占庭式容错共识引擎，可为Cosmos权益证明提供支持。
2、易用性
区块链应用程序很复杂，开发人员很难理解。
Cosmos SDK修复了此问题。
Cosmos SDK是用于构建可互操作的，特定于应用程序的区块链的模块化框架。
3、互通性
区块链经济孤立无援，彼此之间无法转移资产。
IBC协议解决了这个问题。
区块链间通信（IBC）是一种类似于TCP / IP的区块链消息传递协议。
四、主要特点和里程碑
Tendermint Core: “Tendermint Core”是一款即用型区块链引擎，配备 Cosmos 实用拜占庭容错共识协议。内核可用于搭建公共或私有区块链。共识机制提供即时结算和安保；优先保障安全，其次才是网络活跃度。
Cosmos SDK: 作为便利工具包，Cosmos SDK 有助开发者搭建应用专属的区块链。
跨链通信: 为了向开发者提供更多搭建区块链的工具，Cosmos 项目的下一个目标是提高不同区块链之间的互操作能力，实现跨链和跨层交易。借助分区组合，用户得以在 IBC 兼容链组成的代币生态系统内自由交易。
相关链接：
https://cosmos.network/intro
https://www.dprating.com/rating/report/114
https://cosmos.network/resources/whitepaper
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